The concept of operating systems
Operating systems are known as the software systems in which all software and programs operate, such as: Internet browsers, media programs, text editing programs, and other popular programs, and these systems manage the memory of the computer and the operations that are performed on it; Without it, the computer will have no use at all, and operating systems are usually loaded on any device before purchasing it, as the computer needs an operating system in order to function fully, and it is possible
Definition of operating systems
Also, they are programs of a special nature that act as a formal interface between the user and computer components. [1] Types of operating systems Operating systems vary due to several reasons; They differ among themselves in terms of operating methods, display, components, and the purpose of their use, and also differ according to the newness of the device used, but the most prominent thing that distinguishes one system from another is what is called the official interface (GUI); These interfaces allow the user to use the mouse for orientation, various menus, and display everything on the screen, whether graphics or texts, etc., and each operating system has a different interface in shape, appearance, and method of use, and there are many computer operating systems, but there are three programs that are the most popular Among others, they are: Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.[2] Operating systems have witnessed a great development over time, and Windows is the most popular computer system without a doubt, as the majority of users deal with devices with advanced Windows systems, while Android and iOS systems They control the operating systems of phones, and Android is more prevalent because of its use in the phones of many companies, while the iOS system is used for Apple phones. [2] DOS (DOS) is the disk operating system
DOS, the first operating system used for computer interfaces, was produced by IBM in 1981. Computers needed operating systems due to the proliferation of personal computers, and the necessity of having an operating system that manages the computer and facilitates its use. So the DOS system appeared, which works using text-based interfaces, which give different simple instructions and commands, and these commands are sent by the program and received in the form of letters and symbols. [3] The DOS operating system is distinguished, especially at the time of its release; With the following: [3] A free operating system. It helps in managing files with high efficiency, due to its light weight and small size. Load files from the hard disk to the main memory quickly and efficiently. Because of the old and primitive DOS system, there are many drawbacks to the program; Most notably the following: [3] There are no multiple tasks for him. does not support autoplay; That is, each command must be typed by the user. Its RAM does not exceed 640 MB.
windows
The Windows operating system is one of the most famous and prominent operating systems for computers, and it is the most used operating system around the world. Because of its simplicity and ease of use, the first version of this program appeared in 1985 AD by Microsoft Corporation; It was initially an auxiliary graphic panel for writing commands in the DOS system, and in 1995 AD, the first independent system of this company appeared with the aim of fully controlling the computer operating system without the need for manual entry for each command, in addition to that it created a new addition that was not available before it; It is playing video and video games. [4] After the release of the first independent operating system in 1995 AD, many copies of Windows were released over the years; The most prominent of these versions, in chronological order, are the following: [4] Windows 98. Windows 2000. Windows XP XP. Windows 7. Windows 8. Windows 10. The Windows system completely controls all computer interfaces and software, and this system has many features; The most important of which are the following: [5] Simplicity of use; It can simply be used by anyone. high productivity; Through it, databases, presentations, files, and other commands can be produced. The best gaming operating system. Software update automatically. Great and endless support for any problem the user faces from Microsoft, the manufacturer. LINUX is the
Linux operating system
(LINUX) is one of the most popular and used among the operating systems, and it is similar to the way Windows works, but it is an open system; That is, it allows users to access all computer hardware and system applications to implement and modify the process, and what distinguishes it is that there is no single company responsible for its development, but rather depends on the collaborative development system between companies.[6] The Linux system is distinguished.
(LINUX) has many features, including the following: [6] Free. Easy to install. open source; That is, its system can be easily modified, unlike Windows. Difficult to hack and transmit viruses to it. This system is used in particular in many tasks; The most prominent of which are the following: [6] Finding other computer hardware errors and trying to fix them. Building and hosting websites. Create web servers at a cheap cost.
Mac OS
Mac OS is an old system, it was released by the American Mac Company, in 1984 AD, and it was based on the graphics system unlike other systems, but now after the acquisition of the system by Apple Inc, it has become mainly intended for Apple Macintosh devices Tablet and portable devices, and the system controls the interface for using these devices, and the operation, updating and development of applications. [7] There are many features and characteristics available in the Mac OS (Mac OS); Most notably the following: [8] A simpler interface than other operating systems. An integrated operating system that covers all the needs of Apple device users. High protection from hacking and viruses. It offers a lot of free applications attached to the system. Android
The Android operating system (Android) was released for the first time in 2008 AD by Google, and it is one of the most popular operating systems for smartphones and tablet computers. Free applications that can be downloaded by the user. [9] The Android system has a large number of features; The most prominent of which are the following: [10] Permanent developments of the system, its programs and applications. Download applications from outside the Google Store that came with the system. The ability to expand the memory attached to the system. There are many auxiliary media applications in it, such as the calendar, weather, memo, and other useful applications.
iOS
IOS is defined as a special mobile operating system that runs on mobile devices, desktop computers, laptops, and tablets of Apple Inc. It is the second largest operating system in the world with 13.4% of users after Android, the first in the world, and its operating system is similar to Mac and Android systems. However, the profile data can only be accessed and modified by the system's designers. [11] The famous IOS system has many features; Most notably the following: [12] The interface of the system is easy to use. More than 1.2 million applications are available in the system store. Safe and stable operating system. High quality of the image captured by the devices that operate with this system. multilingual system; That is, it can be downloaded by choosing any popular language in the world.
Haiku
The Haiku operating system is one of the modern open source systems that uses the NewOS operating system, which began to be used in 2001 under the name (OpenBeOS), and this system has several advantages that we list as follows: [13] It is open source and free. easy to use. A powerful operating system that is hard to disable. fast system.
Chrome OS
Chrome OS is a type of specialized operating system. It depends on the Chrome system and applications only, and its programming depends on the characteristics of Linux kernels. It was first released on June 15, 2011 by Gentoo Linux, and was developed by Google. This system was made and developed specifically for Chromebooks, but it can be used On other computers. [14] Chrome OS has many features, which are as follows: [14] A very powerful operating system. Free system. Free storage space of about 100 GB. very lite. Support for Android applications.
MENUET
MENUET is one of the smallest systems in the world of operating systems. It is only about 1.44 MB of the storage space of the device, and it is a simple operating system that was programmed by assembly language from the programmer (Ville Turjanmaa), and it can be downloaded and used for any device and with another operating system, but the system cannot be modified; The source code is closed to the public, and this programming is still under development to this day.[15] eComStation
The (eComStation) system is the least known operating system, and it was created by Microsoft and (IBM), and after Microsoft abandoned this system, (IBM) took over its development,[16] but this system has several disadvantages that made it one of the least known operating systems, Perhaps the most prominent of these are the following: [17] A slow system. It consumes a large amount of device memory. not free. Tails
The Tails operating system (TAILS)
is one of the unique and different systems from the rest of the operating systems, as it is designed for protection, encryption, and confidentiality during the use of the Internet, and the program is developed by the Linux company, and it is used by a special browser called (Tor) that guarantees confidentiality, privacy, and security for the user. It can be downloaded to the hard disk of the device. Rather, it works automatically from an external hard disk that contains this system, and this increases privacy and security. [18] Functions of the operating system The operating system performs many functions that make the use of a computer possible for humans; Given that computer language is not similar to human language, and dealing with it requires a software language that plays the role of mediator between the user and the computer with its various components, and these functions are summarized as follows: [2] The operating system implements various programs and applications. It performs input and output operations, such as: handling the keyboard, screen, and sound. Corrects software errors that occur during the implementation of various processes and software. It handles special system files and regulates the use of computer components
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